- Visibility 10 Views
- Downloads 9 Downloads
- Permissions
- DOI 10.18231/j.jpfa.13523.1759817654
-
CrossMark
Residual force analysis of open and closed elastomeric chains for different Pre-stretching percentages-An in vitro study
- Author Details:
-
Vaishnavi Vijay *
-
Sharath Kumar NS
-
Tanhaz Kareem
-
Kiran Kumar HC
Vaishnavi Vijay *
Sharath Kumar NS
Tanhaz Kareem
Kiran Kumar HC
Objective: To evaluate the residual force of direct-design elastomeric chains (open and closed) different Pre-stretching percentages. Materials and Methods: An in-vitro experiment was conducted using open (G-I) and closed (G-II) direct-design elastomeric chains 50%, 75%, and 100% prestretched and tested at measured across eight time intervals F0 (initial), F1 (1h), F2 (1d), F3 (2d), F4 (3d), F5 (7d), F6 (14d), and F7 (21d) using a digital force gauge at 37°C in artificial saliva.
Results: All elastomeric chains exhibited significant force decay in the first 24h, which was followed by a slower, progressive decrease. Closed chains retained significantly higher residual force than open chains across all prestretched levels. Prestretching influenced early forces but had little long-term effect. At 21 days, residual forces (~0.5–0.9 N) were within the optimal orthodontic range.
Conclusion: Closed-chain designs are preferable for sustained force. Elastomeric chains should be replaced approximately every 2 weeks to maintain optimal force delivery.
References
- Wong AK. Orthodontic elastic materials. Angle Orthod. 1976;46(2):196–205. https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-3219(1976)046
[Google Scholar]<0196:OEM>2.0. CO;2. - Virdi GK, Prashar A, Kaur G, Jabbal RS, Aggarwal P, Budh S, et al. Force Decay Behavior of Orthodontic Elastomeric Chains in Simulated Oral Conditions. Cureus. 2024;16(9):e69908. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.69908
[Google Scholar] - Kassir CA, Daou M, Abboud M. Comparison of the force decay over time of four different brands of elastomeric chains (elongated to 25 mm grey/transparent and closed/open): an in-vitro study. Int Orthod. 2020;18(3):538–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ortho.2020.05.003
[Google Scholar] - Hershey HG, Reynolds WG. The plastic module as an orthodontic tooth-moving mechanism. Am J Orthod. 1975;67(5):554–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(75)90300-0
[Google Scholar] - Aldrees AM, Al-Foraidi SA, Murayshed MS, Almoammar KA. Color stability and force decay of clear orthodontic elastomeric chains: an in vitro study. Int Orthod. 2015;13(3):287–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ortho.2015.06.003
[Google Scholar] - Stroede CL, Sadek H, Navalgund A, Kim DG, Johnston WM, Schricker SR, et al. Viscoelastic properties of elastomeric chains: an investigation of pigment and manufacturing effects. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;141(3):315–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2011.07.023
[Google Scholar] - Halimi A, Benyahia H, Doukkali A, Azeroual MF, Zaoui F. A systematic review of force decay in orthodontic elastomeric power chains. Int Orthod. 2012;10(3):223–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ortho.2012.06.013
[Google Scholar] - Josell SD, Leiss JB, Rekow ED. Force degradation in elastomeric chains. Semin Orthod. 1997;3(3):189–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1073-8746(97)80069-2
[Google Scholar] - Ren Y, Maltha JC, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Optimum force magnitude for orthodontic tooth movement: A systematic review. Angle Orthod. 2003;73(1):86-92. https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-
[Google Scholar] 3219(2003)073<0086:OFMFOT>2.0.CO;2. - Theodorou CI, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Bronkhorst EM, Wagener FADT. Optimal force magnitude for bodily orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2019;156(5):582–
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2019.05.011
[Google Scholar] - Brantley WA, Salander S, Myers CL, Winders RV. Effects of prestretching on force degradation characteristics of plastic modules. Angle Orthod. 1979;49(1):37-43. https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-3219(1979)049
[Google Scholar]<0037:EOPOFD>2.0. CO;2. - Young J, Sandrik JL. The influence of preloading on stress relaxation of orthodontic elastic polymers. Angle Orthod. 1979;49(2):104–9. https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-3219(1979)049
[Google Scholar] <0104:TIOPOS>2.0.CO;2. - De Genova DC, McInnes-Ledoux P, Weinberg R, Shaye R. Force degradation of orthodontic elastomeric chains—A product comparison study. Am J Orthod . 1985;87(5):377–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(85)90197-6
[Google Scholar] - Lu TC, Wang WN, Tarng TH, Chen JW. Force decay of elastomeric chain—A serial study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993;104(4):373–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(05)81336-8
[Google Scholar] - Baty DL, Storie DJ, von Fraunhofer JA. Synthetic elastomeric chains: A literature review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1994;105(6):536–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(94)70137-7
[Google Scholar] - Huget EF, Patrick KS, Nunez LJ. Observations on the elastic behavior of a synthetic orthodontic elastomer. J Dent Res. 1990;69(2):496–501. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345900690021601
[Google Scholar] - Stevenson J, Kusy RP. Force application and decay of polyurethane elastomeric chains. Angle Orthod. 1994;64(6):455–64. https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-3219(1994)064
[Google Scholar]<0455:FAADCO >2.0.CO;2. - Rock WP, Wilson HJ, Fisher SE. A laboratory investigation of orthodontic elastomeric chains. Br J Orthod. 1985;12(4):202–7. https://doi.org/10.1179/bjo.12.4.202
[Google Scholar] - Masoud AI, Tsay TP, BeGole E, Bedran-Russo A. Force decay evaluation of thermoplastic and thermoset elastomeric chains: A mechanical design comparison. Angle Orthod. 2014;84(6):1026–33. https://doi.org/10.2319/010814-28.1
[Google Scholar] - von Fraunhofer JA, Coffelt MT, Orbell GM. Effects of artificial saliva and topical fluoride on elastic-chain properties. Angle Orthod. 1992;62(4):265–74. https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-3219(1992)062
[Google Scholar] <0265:TEOASA>2.0.CO;2. - Kuster R, Ingervall B, Bürgin W. Laboratory and intraoral tests of elastic chain degradation. Eur J Orthod. 1986;8(3):202–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/8.3.202
[Google Scholar] - Josell SD, Leiss JB, Rekow ED. Force degradation in elastomeric chains. Semin Orthod. 1997;3(3):189–97.
- Kim KH, Chung CH, Choy K, Lee JS, Vanarsdall RL. Effects of prestretching on force degradation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;128(4):477-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.04.027
[Google Scholar] - Chang JH, Hwang CJ, Kim KH, Cha JY, Kim KM, Yu HS. Effects of prestretch on stress relaxation and permanent deformation of orthodontic synthetic elastomeric chains. Korean J Orthod. 2018;48(6):384–94. https://doi.org/10.4041/kjod.2018.48.6.384
[Google Scholar] - Mousavi SM, Mahboobi S, Rakhshan V. Effects of different stretching extents, morphologies, and brands on initial force and force decay of orthodontic elastomeric chains: An in vitro study. Dent Res J. 2020;17(5):326–37.
- Proffit WR, Fields HW, Larson B, Sarver DM. Contemporary Orthodontics. 6th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier; 2018.349–51.